China Ni GB Standards English PDF List

GB standards are the China national standards; Prefix code GB are Mandatory standards, GB/T are Recommended standards; All products or service must be compliance with GB standards; If you want to export products or services to huge Chinese market, need ensure they are meet the requirements of GB china national standards; We provide Chinese GB standards and English version GB standards Lookup, Translate, Download, Imported Commodity GB standards Testing and Compliance review services.

China "Ni " GB Standards English PDF List:

Standard Code	Standard Title	Standard Class	Order
GB 50843-2013	TechNical code for appraisal and reinforcement of building slope 建筑边坡工程鉴定与加固技术规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 50829-2013	TechNical code for maintenance and repair of rentable formwork and scaffold 租赁模板脚手架维修保养技术规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 50818-2013	MechaNized ultrasonic testing technology specification for oil & gas construction pipeline project 石油天然气管道工程全自动超声波检测技术规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 50815-2013	TechNical code of vacuum concentration treatment for weak sulfuric acid 稀硫酸真空浓缩处理技术规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 50814-2013	Code for design environmental protection of electroNic engineering 电子工程环境保护设计规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 50112-2013	TechNical code for buildings in expansive soil regions 膨胀土地区建筑技术规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 50847-2012	Code for construction and acceptance of commuNication engineering for fiber to the home in residential districts and residential buildings 住宅区和住宅建筑内光纤到户通信设施工程施工及验收规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 50846-2012	Code for design of commuNication engineering for fiber to the home in residential districts and residential buildings 住宅区和住宅建筑内光纤到户通信设施工程设计规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 29213-2012	National Food Safety Standard - Food Additive - Potassium Nitrate 食品安全国家标准食品添加剂硝酸钾	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 29206-2012	National Food Safety Standard - Food Additive - AmmoNium Sulfate 食品安全国家标准食品添加剂硫酸铵	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 29201-2012	National Food Safety Standard - Food Additive - AmmoNia 食品安全国家标准食品添加剂氨水	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 29214-2012	National Food Safety Standard - Food Additive - Sodium FerrocyaNide 食品安全国家标准食品添加剂亚铁氰化钠	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 29202-2012	National Food Safety Standard - Food Additive - Nitrogen 食品安全国家标准食品添加剂氮气	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 29188-2012	Brand valuation - Multi-cycle excess earNings method 品牌评价多周期超额收益法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28930-2012	HygieNic requirements of computer usage for students 学生使用电脑卫生要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16125-2012	Method for acute toxicity test of DaphNia magna straus 大型？急性毒性实验方法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 9981-2012	HygieNic specification for rural housing 农村住宅卫生规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 7959-2012	HygieNic requirements for harmless disposal of night soil 粪便无害化卫生要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 28931-2012	Safety and saNitation standard for chlorine dioxide disinfectant generator 二氧化氯消毒剂发生器安全与卫生标准	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 19379-2012	HygieNic specification for rural household latrine 农村户厕卫生规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 18055-2012	HygieNic specification for township-village planning 村镇规划卫生规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 11666.1-2012	Health protection zone for fertilizer industry - Part 1：Nitrogen fertilizer industry 肥料制造业卫生防护距离第1部分：氮肥制造业	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28934-2012	TraiNing specification for professional managers 职业经理人培训规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28928-2012	The guidelines for commuNity leisure service 社区休闲服务质量导则	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28927-2012	Specification for service quality of resort commuNity 度假社区服务质量规范	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 4287-2012	Discharge standards of water pollutants for dyeing and fiNishing of textile industry 纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 4706.108-2012	Household and similar electrical appliances-Safety - Part 2: Particular requirements for heated carpets and for heating uNits for room heating installed under removable floor coverings 家用和类似用途电器的安全第2部分：电热地毯和安装在可移动地板覆盖物下方的用于加热房间的电热装置的特殊要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 10810.4-2012	Uncut fiNished spectacle lenses - Part 4: Specifications and test methods for anti-reflective coatings 眼镜镜片第4部分：减反射膜规范及测量方法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28891-2012	Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of mode Ⅰinterlaminar fracture toughness GⅠC for uNidirectionally reinforced materials 纤维增强塑料复合材料单向增强材料Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性GⅠC的测定	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28888-2012	TechNical requirements of gas monitoring for sewer and septic tanks 下水道及化粪池气体监测技术要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28844-2012	Sizes for kNitted sportwear 针织运动服规格	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28743-2012	Sewage treatment vessel equipment - General techNical requirements 污水处理容器设备通用技术条件	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 17780.7-2012	Textile machinery - Safety requirements - Part 7: Dyeing and fiNishing machinery 纺织机械安全要求第7部分：染整机械	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 17780.5-2012	Textile machinery - Safety requirements - Part 5: Preparatory machinery to weaving and kNitting 纺织机械安全要求第5部分：机织和针织准备机械	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 17780.2-2012	Textile machinery - Safety requirements - Part 2: SpinNing preparatory and spinning machines 纺织机械安全要求第2部分：纺纱准备和纺纱机械	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 28736-2012	MiNimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for arc welding machines 电弧焊机能效限定值及能效等级	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 3286.3-2012	Methods for chemical analysis of limestone and dolomite - Part 3: The determination of alumiNium oxide content - The chrome azurol S spectrophotometric method and the complexometric titration method 石灰石及白云石化学分析方法第3部分：氧化铝含量的测定铬天青S分光光度法和络合滴定法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28765-2012	Packaging material - Test methods for orgaNic vapor transmission rate for plastic film, sheet and package 包装材料塑料薄膜、片材和容器的有机气体透过率试验方法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28764-2012	Test method for sealing characteristics of packaging containers - UltrasoNic method 包装容器密闭性检测方法超声波法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 20167-2012	Physical test method of rare earth polishing powder - Determination of burNishing mass and scratch - Gravimetry 稀土抛光粉物理性能测试方法抛蚀量和划痕的测定重量法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18116.1-2012	Yttrium-europium oxide - Part 1: Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, gadoliNium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, erbium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide and luteti 氧化钇铕化学分析方法第1部分：氧化镧、氧化铈、氧化镨、氧化钕、氧化钐、氧化钆、氧化铽、氧化镝、氧化钬、氧化铒、氧化铥、氧化镱和氧化镥量的测定	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 12770-2012	Welded stainless steel tubes for mechaNical structures 机械结构用不锈钢焊接钢管	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 3883.8-2012	Safety of hand-held motor-operated electric tools - Part 2: Particular requirements for sheet metal shears and Nibblers 手持式电动工具的安全第2部分：电剪刀和电冲剪的专用要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 28881-2012	Hand protection - Protective gloves against chemicals and micro-orgaNisms 手部防护化学品及微生物防护手套	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 18082.1-2012	Health protection zone for leather and fur and manufactured products industry - Part 1：Leather tanNing industry 皮革、毛皮及其制品业卫生防护距离第1部分：皮革鞣制加工业	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB 17464-2012	Connecting devices - Electrical copper conductors - Safety requirements for screw-type and screwless-type clamping uNits - Part 1: General requirements and particular requirements for clamping units for conductors from 0.2 mm2 up to 35 mm2 (included) 连接器件电气铜导线螺纹型和无螺纹型夹紧件的安全要求　适用于0.2 mm2以上至35 mm2（包括）导线的夹紧件的通用要求和特殊要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28794-2012	TechNical requirements of oily-water separation system fishing vessel 渔业船舶油污水分离系统技术要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28793-2012	TechNical requirements of fuel saving for fishing vessel diesel engines 渔业船舶柴油机节油技术要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28792-2012	TechNical specification on radio communication for train control 列车无线调度通信系统技术条件	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28790-2012	TechNical requirements and measuring methods of fuel saving devices for diesel engines of fishing vessel 渔业船舶柴油机节油装置技术条件及检测方法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28787-2012	Data commuNication protocol between on-board information terminal of urban public transit dispatching and control center 城市公共交通调度车载信息终端与调度中心间数据通信协议	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 9793-2012	Thermal spraying - Metallic and other inorgaNic coatings - Zinc,aluminium and their alloys 热喷涂金属和其他无机覆盖层锌、铝及其合金	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 6075.2-2012	MechaNical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts - Part 2: Land-based steam turbines and generators in excess of 50MW with normal operating speeds of 1500r/min，1800r/min，3000r/min and 3600r/min 机械振动在非旋转部件上测量评价机器的振动第2部分：50MW以上，额定转速1500 r/min、1800 r/min、3000 r/min、3600 r/min陆地安装的汽轮机和发电机	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 6075.1-2012	MechaNical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts - Part 1: General guidelines 机械振动在非旋转部件上测量评价机器的振动第1部分：总则	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28802-2012	General techNical requirements for jade carving 玉器雕琢通用技术要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28785-2012	MechaNical vibration - Criteria and safeguards for the in-situ balancing of medium and large rotors 机械振动大中型转子现场平衡的准则和防护	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28784.3-2012	MechaNical vibration - Measurement of vibration on ships - Part 3: Pre-installation vibration measurement of shipboard equipment 机械振动船舶振动测量第3部分：船上设备安装前的振动测量	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28782.2-2012	Hydraulic fluid power - Measurement techNiques - Part 2: Measurement of average steady-state pressure in a closed conduit 液压传动测量技术第2部分：密闭回路中平均稳态压力的测量	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28779-2012	Rolling bearings - Insert bearing uNits - Classification 滚动轴承带座外球面球轴承分类	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 27894.5-2012	Natural gas - Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography - Part 5: Determination of Nitrogen,carbon dioxideand C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line process application using three columns 天然气　在一定不确定度下用气相色谱法测定组成　第5部分：实验室和在线工艺系统中用三根色谱柱测定氮、二氧化碳和C1至C5及C6+的烃类	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 27894.4-2012	Natural gas - Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas chromatography - Part 4: Determination of Nitrogen,carbon dioxide and C1 to C5 and C6+ hydrocarbons for a laboratory and on-line measuring system using two columns 天然气在一定不确定度下用气相色谱法测定组成第4部分：实验室和在线测量系统中用两根色谱柱测定氮、二氧化碳和C1至C5及C6+的烃类	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 19876-2012	Safety of machinery ― PositioNing of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts of the human body 机械安全与人体部位接近速度相关的安全防护装置的定位	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 14123-2012	MechaNical shock - Testing machines - Characteristics and performance 机械冲击试验机性能特性	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 13441.4-2012	MechaNical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration - Part 4: Guidelines for the evaluation of the effects of vibration and rotational motion on passenger and crew comfort in fixed-guideway transport systems 机械振动与冲击人体暴露于全身振动的评价第4部分：振动和旋转运动对固定导轨运输系统中的乘客及乘务员舒适影响的评价指南	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 13346-2012	Metallic and other inorgaNic coatings - Electroplated coatings of cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron or steel 金属及其它无机覆盖层钢铁上经过处理的镉电镀层	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 11348.2-2012	MechaNical vibration - Evaluation of machines vibration by measurements on rotating shafts - Part 2: Land-based steam turbine - generators in excess of 50MW with normal operating speeds of 1500r/min，1800r/min，3000r/min and 3600r/min 机械振动在旋转轴上测量评价机器的振动第2部分：功率大于50MW,额定工作转速1500 r/min、1800 r/min、3000 r/min、3600 r/min陆地安装的汽轮机和发电机	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 7826-2012	Analysis techNiques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis（FMEA）系统可靠性分析技术失效模式和影响分析（FMEA）程序	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 7333-2012	Fixed capacitors for use in electroNic equipment - Part 2-1: Blank detail specification - Fixed metallized polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric d.c.capacitors - Assessment levels E and EZ 电子设备用固定电容器第2-1部分：空白详细规范金属化聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯膜介质直流固定电容器评定水平E和EZ	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 5969-2012	Fixed capacitors for use in electroNic equipment - Part 9-1: Blank detail specification：Fixed capacitor of ceramic dielectric,Class 2 - Assessment level EZ 电子设备用固定电容器第9-1部分:空白详细规范 2类瓷介固定电容器评定水平 EZ	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 4937.4-2012	Semiconductor devices - MechaNical and climatic test methods - Part 4: Damp heat, steady state, highly accelerated stress test (HAST) 半导体器件机械和气候试验方法第4部分：强加速稳态湿热试验（HAST）	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 4937.3-2012	Semiconductor devices - MechaNical and climatic tests methods - Part 3: External visual examination 半导体器件机械和气候试验方法第3部分：外部目检	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 4597-2012	Vocabulary of electroNic tubes 电子管词汇	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28880-2012	Non-destructive testing - Evaluating performance characteristics of ultrasoNic pulse-echo testing systems without the use of electronic measurement instruments 无损检测不用电子测量仪器对脉冲反射式超声检测系统性能特性的评定	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28879-2012	Nomenclature of model for electrotechNical instruments 电工仪器仪表产品型号编制方法	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28873-2012	General guide of environmental scanNing electron microscopy for biological effects on topography induced by nanoparticles 纳米颗粒生物形貌效应的环境扫描电子显微镜检测方法通则	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28867-2012	Secondary cells and batteries contaiNing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Sealed nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells 含碱性或其它非酸性电解质的蓄电池和蓄电池组方形密封镉镍单体蓄电池	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28859-2012	Encapsulating material of powdered epoxy for electroNic components 电子元器件用环氧粉末包封料	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 28858-2012	Encapsulating material of phenolic for electroNic components 电子元器件用酚醛包封料	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18216.5-2012	Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or moNitoring of protective measures - Part 5: Resistance to earth 交流1000V和直流1500V以下低压配电系统电气安全防护措施的试验、测量或监控设备第5部分：对地阻抗	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18216.4-2012	Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or moNitoring of protective measures - Part 4: Resistance of earth connection and equipotential bonding 交流1000V和直流1500V以下低压配电系统电气安全防护措施的试验、测量或监控设备第4部分：接地电阻和等电位接地电阻	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18216.3-2012	Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or moNitoring of protective measures - Part 3: Loop impedance 交流1000V和直流1500V以下低压配电系统电气安全防护措施的试验、测量或监控设备第3部分：环路阻抗	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18216.2-2012	Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or moNitoring of protective measures - Part 2: Insulation resistance 交流1000V和直流1500V以下低压配电系统电气安全防护措施的试验、测量或监控设备第2部分：绝缘电阻	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 18216.1-2012	Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or moNitoring of protective measures - Part 1: General requirements 交流1000V和直流1500V以下低压配电系统电气安全防护措施的试验、测量或监控设备第1部分：通用要求	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 17249.3-2012	Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces contaiNing machinery - Part 3: Sound propagation and noise prediction in workrooms 声学低噪声工作场所设计指南第3部分：工作间内的声传播和噪声预测	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 17207-2012	Fixed capacitors for use in electroNic equipment - Part 18-1: Blank detail specification - Fixed aluminium electrolytic surface mount - Capacitors with solid(MnO2) electrolyte - Assessment level EZ 电子设备用固定电容器第18-1部分：空白详细规范表面安装固体(MnO2)电解质铝固定电容器评定水平EZ	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.55-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 55: Blank detail specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality - Two change-over contacts, 11mm×7,5mm (max)base 有或无机电继电器第55部分：空白详细规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器两组转换触点，11mm×7.5mm(最大)底座	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.54-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 54: Blank detail specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality - Two change-over contacts, 15mm×7,5mm base 有或无机电继电器第54部分：空白详细规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器两组转换触点，15mm×7.5mm底座	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.53-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 53: Blank detail specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality - Two change-over contacts, 14mm×9mm base 有或无机电继电器第53部分：空白详细规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器两组转换触点，14mm×9mm底座	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.52-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 52: Blank detail specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality - Two change-over contacts, 20mm×10mm base 有或无机电继电器第52部分：空白详细规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器两组转换触点，20mm×10mm底座	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.51-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 51: Blank detail specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality - Non-standardized types and construction 有或无机电继电器第51部分：空白详细规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器非标准类型和结构	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 16608.50-2012	ElectromechaNical all-or-nothing relays - Part 50: Sectional specification - Electromechanical all-or-nothing telecom relays of assessed quality 有或无机电继电器第50部分：分规范电信用有质量评定的有或无机电继电器	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 15290-2012	Generic specification of power supply transformers and filter chokes for use in electroNic equipment 电子设备用电源变压器和滤波扼流圈总技术条件	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 12859.2-2012	Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - A specification in the IEC quality assessment System for electroNic components (IECQ) - Part 2: Sectional specification-Qualification approval 电子元器件质量评定体系规范压电陶瓷谐振器第2部分：分规范- 鉴定批准	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 12859.201-2012	Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - A specification in the quality assessment System for electroNic components - Part 2-1: Blank detail specification-Assessment level E 电子元器件质量评定体系规范压电陶瓷谐振器第2-1部分：空白详细规范-评定水平E	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 12859.1-2012	Piezoelectric ceramic resonators - A specification in the IEC quality assessment System for electroNic components(IECQ) - Part 1: Generic specification-Qualification approval 电子元器件质量评定体系规范压电陶瓷谐振器第1部分：总规范- 鉴定批准	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 12273.501-2012	Quartz crystal uNits A specification in the quality assessment system for electronic components Part 5.1: Blank detail specification- qualification approval 石英晶体元件电子元器件质量评定体系规范第5.1部分：空白详细规范鉴定批准	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 10190-2012	Fixed capacitors for use in electroNic equipment - Part 16: Sectional specification：Fixed metallized polypropylene film dielectric d.c.capacitors 电子设备用固定电容器第16部分: 分规范金属化聚丙烯膜介质直流固定电容器	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/T 10186-2012	Fixed capacitors for use in electroNic equipment - Part 7-1: Blank detail spicification - Fixed polystyrene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors - Assessment level E 电子设备用固定电容器第7-1部分：空白详细规范金属箔式聚苯乙烯膜介质直流固定电容器评定水平E	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/Z 28820.3-2012	Long-term radiation ageing in polymers - Part 3: Procedures for in-service moNitoring of low-voltage cable materials 聚合物长期辐射老化第3部分：低压电缆材料在役监测程序	China National Standards Ni	English PDF
GB/Z 28820.1-2012	Long-term radiation ageing in polymers - Part 1: TechNiques for monitoring diffusion-limited oxidation 聚合物长期辐射老化第1部分：监测扩散限制氧化的技术	China National Standards Ni	English PDF

Find out:15625Items | To Page of: First -Previous-Next -Last | [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88]

- Since 2001 -
Focus on China Standards & Compliance Services

www.gbstandards.org
China National Standards